Background and history --
Problems, controversies, and solutions --
1. BACKGROUND AND HISTORY : --
The Opium Plant: An Introduction --
The History of Opium to 1800: Egypt and Crete; Greece and Rome; The Middle Ages and the Muslim World; The Far East --
Morphine and Beyond: The Discovery and Commercialization of Morphine; Heroin: The Wonder Drug; Other Opiates --
The Criminalization of Opiates --
Controlled Substances Act of 1970 --
Semisynthetic and Synthetic Opioids --
The Brain Chemistry of Opioids --
2. PROBLEMS, CONTROVERSIES, AND SOLUTIONS : --
Numbers Tell the Story : Mortality and Morbidity; Who Uses Opioids?; Economic Costs; The Innocent Bystanders; An Underlying Theme --
The History of OxyContin --
Regulating the Use of Opioids : Guidelines; Reactions to the Guidelines; Legislation: Federal; State; Multistate --
Prevention : Education: Health Care Workers; Schools and Colleges; Proper Medication Disposal; Enforcement : Pill Mill Laws; Doctor Shopping Laws --
Treatment : Alternative Forms of Treatment --
It's Not My Problem, or Is It? / Judith Ellsesser --
Education Fosters Prevention / Heather Kulp --
Epidemic in Asheville / Heather Pack --
Confessions of an Opioid User / Bob Roehr --
Rationale for Cannabis-Based Interventions in the Opioid Overdose Crisis / Anjali A. Sarkar --
The U.S. Opioid Crisis: A Personal Perspective / William G. Schulz --
Citing History: The Need for Genuine Context / John Galbraith Simmons --
I'm High as I Write This / Rebecca Smith --
Opioid Drugs Provide Pain Relief but with Serious Risks / Stephanie Sutherland.
Academy of Integrative Pain Management --
Advocates for Opioid Recovery --
Alliance for Safe Online Pharmacies --
American Society of Addiction Medicine --
Center for Lawful Access and Abuse Deterrence --
Coalition to Stop Opioid Overdose --
Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859) --
Drug Enforcement Administration --
Jack Fishman (1930-2013) --
Francis B. Harrison (1873-1957) --
Heroin Epidemic Relief Organization --
Felix Hoffmann (1868-1946) --
Paul Hanssen (1926-2003) --
The National Alliance for Advocated for Buprenorphine Treatment --
National Association of State Controlled Substances Authorities --
National Institute on Drug Abuse --
Office of National Drug Control Policy --
Pain Therapy Access Physicians Working Group --
Candace Pert (1946-2013) --
President's Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis --
Fredrich Serturner (1783-1841) --
Solomon H. Snyder (1938-) --
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration --
Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689) --
Charles E. Terry (1878-1945) --
Hamilton Wright (1867-1917).
5. DATA AND DOCUMENTS : --
Table 5.1.: Misuse of Opioids in Past Year and Past Month among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Detailed Age Category: Numbers in Thousands and Percentages, 2015 and 2016 --
Table 5.2.: Any Use of Pain Relievers in Past Year and Misuse of Pain Relievers in Past Year and Past Month among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Detailed Age Category: Numbers in Thousands and Percentages, 2015 and 2016 --
Table 5.3. Drug-Poisoning Deaths Involving Opioid Analgesics: United States, 1999-2015 --
Table 5.4.: Deaths from Opioid overdose, 2015 --
Table 5.5.: Death Rates from heroin and opioid analgesic poisoning, 2000-2015 --
Table 5.6.: Drug overdose deaths among adolescents aged 15-19, by type of opioid drug involved in the United States: 1999-2015 --
Table 5.7.: Opioid use in schools --
Table 5.8.: Perceived availability of narcotics other than heroin, 1991-2016, grades 8,10, and 12 ; --
Smoking Opium Exclusion Act of 1909 --
Harrison Narcotic Act (1914) --
United States v. Jin Juey Moy (1916) --
United States v. Doremus (1919) --
Webb v. United States (1919) --
Controlled Substances Act (1970) --
Children's Health Act of 2000 --
Opioid use among veterans (2013) --
An Act to prevent opiate abuse by strengthening the controlled substances prescription monitoring program (2016) --
An act concerning involuntary commitment to treatment for substance use disorders (2016) --
Remarks by President Trump on combating drug demand and the opioid crisis (2017) --
The President's Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis (2017) --